SpikingNeuronModels:Neuronsinthebraincommunicatebyshortelectricalpulses,theso-calledactionpotentialsorspikes.Howcanweunderstandtheprocessofspikegeneration?Howcanweunderstandinformationtransmissionbyneurons?Whathappensifthousandsofneuronsarecoupledtogetherinaseeminglyrandomnetwork?Howdoesthenetworkconnectivitydeterminetheactivitypatterns?And,viceversa,howdoesthespikeactivityinfluencetheconnectivitypattern?Thesequestionsareaddressedinthisintroductorytextaimedatthosetakingcoursesincomputationalneuroscience,theoreticalbiology,neuronalmodeling,biophysics,orneuralnetworks.Theauthorsfocusonphenomenologicalapproachessothatbeginnerscangettogripswiththetheoreticalconceptsbeforeconfrontingthewealthofdetailinbiologicalsystems.ThebookisinthreePartsdealing,inorder,withneuronsandconnections,collectivebehaviorinnetworks,andsynapticplasticityanditsroleinlearning,memory,anddevelopment.Eachchapterendswithaliteraturesurvey,andacomprehensivebibliographyisincluded.Assuchthebookwillalsointroducereaderstocurrentresearch.

Firstrelease:26October2017www.sciencemag.org(Pagenumbersnotfinalattimeoffirstrelease)1Theabilitytolearnandgeneralizefromafewexamplesisahallmarkofhumanintelligence(1).CAPTCHAs,imagesusedbywebsitestoblockautomatedinteractions,areexamplesofproblemsthatareeasyforhumansbutdifficultforcomput-ers.CAPTCHAsarehardforalgorithmsbecausetheyaddclutterandcrowdletterstogethertocreateachicken-and-eggproblemforcharacterclassifiers—theclassifiersworkwellforcharactersthathavebeensegmentedout,butsegmentingtheindividualcharactersrequiresanunderstandingofthecharacters,eachofwhichmightberenderedinacombinato-rialnumberofways(2–5).Arecentdeep-learningapproachforparsingonespecificCAPTCHAstylerequiredmillionsoflabeledexamplesfromit(6),andearlierapproachesmostlyreliedonhand-craftedstyle-specificheuristicstosegmentoutthecharacter(3,7);whereashumanscansolvenewstyleswithoutexplicittraining(Fig.1A).Thewidevarietyofwaysinwhichletterformscouldberenderedandstillbeunder-stoodbypeopleisillustratedinFig.1.Buildingmodelsthatgeneralizewellbeyondtheirtrain-ingdistributionisanimportantsteptowardtheflexibilityDouglasHofstadterenvisionedwhenhesaidthat“foranyprogramtohandleletterformswiththeflexibilitythathumanbeingsdo,itwouldhavetopossessfull-scaleartificialintelli-gence”(8).Manyresearchershaveconjecturedthatthiscouldbeachievedbyincorporatingtheinductivebiasesofthevis-ualcortex(9–12),utilizingthewealthofdatageneratedbyneuroscienceandcognitivescienceresearch.Inthema妹妹a-lianbrain,feedbackconnectionsinthevisualcortexplayrolesinfigure-ground-segmentation,andinobject-basedtop-downattentionthatisolatesthecontoursofanobjectevenwhenpartiallytransparentobjectsoccupythesamespatiallocations(13–16).Lateralconnectionsinthevisualco

Informationtheoryandinference,taughttogetherinthisexcitingtextbook,lieattheheartofmanyimportantareasofmoderntechnology-co妹妹unication,signalprocessing,datamining,machinelearning,patternrecognition,computationalneuroscience,bioinformaticsandcryptography.Thebookintroducestheoryintandemwithapplications.Informationtheoryistaughtalongsidepracticalco妹妹unicationsystemssuchasarithmeticcodingfordatacompressionandsparse-graphcodesforerror-correction.Inferencetechniques,includingmessage-passingalgorithms,MonteCarlomethodsandvariationalapproximations,aredevelopedalongsideapplicationstoclustering,convolutionalcodes,independentcomponentanalysis,andneuralnetworks.Uniquely,thebookcoversstate-of-the-arterror-correctingcodes,includinglow-density-parity-checkcodes,turbocodes,anddigitalfountaincodes-thetwenty-first-centurystandardsforsatelliteco妹妹unications,diskdrives,anddatabroadcast.Richlyillustrated,filledwithworkedexamplesandover400exercises,somewithdetailedsolutions,thebookisidealforself-learning,andforundergraduateorgraduatecourses.Italsoprovidesanunparalleledentrypointforprofessionalsinareasasdiverseascomputationalbiology,financialengineeringandmachinelearning.

（含源码及报告）本程序分析了自2016年到2021年（外加）每年我国原油加工的产量，并且分析了2020年全国各地区原油加工量等，含饼状图，柱状图，折线图，数据在地图上显示。
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在日常工作中，钉钉打卡成了我生活中不可或缺的一部分。然而，有时候这个看似简单的任务却给我带来了不少烦恼。 每天早晚，我总是得牢记打开钉钉应用，点击"工作台"，再找到"考勤打卡"进行签到。有时候因为工作忙碌，会忘记打卡，导致考勤异常，影响当月的工作评价。而且，由于我使用的是苹果手机，有时候系统更新后，钉钉的某些功能会出现异常，使得打卡变得更加麻烦。 另外，我的家人使用的是安卓手机，他们也经常抱怨钉钉打卡的繁琐。尤其是对于那些不太熟悉手机操作的长辈来说，每次打卡都是一次挑战。他们总是担心自己会操作失误，导致打卡失败。 为了解决这些烦恼，我开始思考是否可以通过编写一个全自动化脚本来实现钉钉打卡。经过一段时间的摸索和学习，我终于成功编写出了一个适用于苹果和安卓系统的钉钉打卡脚本。